Theory x and theory y team management training from. Mcgregor theory x and theory y for staff and employees. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management approach, and this break new ground for argument that employees of an organization are not merely cogs in the machinery of. Advantages and disadvantages of theory x and y essay. Fortythree years ago, douglas mcgregors the human side of enterprise offered managers a new assumption of management theory y, which would be more effective than what he considered thencurrent management assumptions theory x. Perception of management toward the employees in the banking industry of. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. First, all managers have a theory of human work motivation. Although nearly 50 years have passed since mcgregors initial formulation of theory x and theory y, the. The major distinct disadvantage of theory x and theory y is that they are put forward as challenging sets of assumptions a supervisor is either motivated by theory x or by theory y. Douglas mcgregors work builds on the work of other behavioral scientists who showed a link between human behavior, motivation, and productivity. Thus, these labels describe contrasting set of assumptions about human nature. The outcomes of positive outlook at mankind in organizations let people participate in decisionmaking process, encouraging communication for improvement. Douglas mcgregor has developed a theory of motivation of the basis of hypotheses relating to human behaviour.
Theory y managers appeal to a higher level of motivation on maslows. Theory x advanced the view that human beings have an innate dislike for work. It appeared at a time when the behavioral sciences were playing an increasing role in how managers thought about their work. Mcgregor postulated 2 theories on human management and leadership which are theory x and theory y. However, modern revisions including contingency theorists argue that theory y is not essentially a progressive alternative to a dull theory x. A historical view of douglas mcgregors theory y emerald. Theory x and theory y in his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. Douglas mcgregor wrote about theory x and theory y in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
The eminent psychologist douglas mcgregor has given his theory of motivation called theory x and theory y. In contrast to the principles of conventional management mentioned as theory x, the advocated theory y illuminated a cluster of new or redefined concepts such as selffulfilling prophecy and responsibility. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregors xy theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management. Douglas mcgregor 19061964 followed a mostly academic career lecturing at harvard. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. The biggest advantage of using theory x and theory y is that they are easy to understand. Conversely, mcgregor saw theory y managers as those that hold assumptions that.
Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour. Introduction douglas mcgregor is a behaviorist and social psychologist of repute. He is a strong believer in the potentialities of human beings in c. He is best known for his development of the theory x and theory y, a leadership theory on two different leadership styles biography douglas mcgregor. Mc gregors theory x and theory y of motivation explained.
Douglas mcgregors theory x vs theory y lucidchart blog. The first set of assumptions is contained in theory x and the second set of assumptions in theory y. Theory x and y created by mcgregor has been a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and self.
Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a famous management professor in the field of personal development and motivational theory. In the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various behaviors of professionals at work. He treated traditional approach to management as theory x and the professional approach to management as theory y. In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by which managers perceive employee motivation. Challenges and limitations of theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor in his book the human side. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management.
Mcgregor agreed with maslow that selfactualization is the highest level human need that ought to be achieved, this reflects his bias for promoting theory y management which emphasizes selfmotivation. Douglas mcgregor who set forth in his book human side of enterprise two pairs of assumptions about human beings which he thought were implied by the actions of autocratic and permissive managers. Douglas mcgregor theory x theory y pdf programpals. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Theory x and y which deals with the motivational factors that. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. This article describes the theory x and theory y of douglas mcgregor. If you believe that your team members dislike their work and have little motivation, then, according to mcgregor, youll likely use an authoritarian style of. The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a neutral terminology, which does not convey any sense of badness or goodness associated with these theories. Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y free. John wiley, 2000 journal article douglas mcgregora lasting impression, robert a cunningham ivey business journal, sepoct vol 75 issue 5, 2011, pp57 related model mcgregors theory x and theory y related thinkers. Theory x and theory y were first explained by mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, and they refer to two styles of management authoritarian theory x and participative theory y. Douglas mcgregor work is established in motivation theory.
Theory x stands for the set of traditional beliefs held, while theoryy stands for the set of beliefs based on researchers in behavioral science which are concerned with modern social views on the man. He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. It was a period characterized by the work of maslow, likert, argyris. Douglas mcgregor is the one who constructed theory x and y in the 1960s. Mcgregors work made a significant impact on managerial thought. Pdf leadership style and organizational performance have been researched. Theory x and theory y were first introduced in the early work of douglas mcgregor. Theory x stands for the set of traditional beliefs held, while theory y stands for the set of beliefs based on researchers in behavioral science which are concerned with modern social views on the man. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation. Jim was a fellow manager at hanover insurance, and we often reflected on the diseases produced by the prevailing hierarchical management practices of that time. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y. Theory xy douglas mcgregor and theory z william ouichi theory x an authoritarian style of management the average worker dislikes work.
Furthermore, theory x fails because it does not consider human motivation, the needs of humans. There are two alternative sets of assumptions which mcgregor has. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. Thinker 026 introduction douglas mcgregor 19061964 followed a mostly academic career lecturing at harvard university, massachusetts institute of technology mit and antioch college, becoming the first sloan fellows professor at mit.
Toward a constructvalid measure article pdf available in journal of managerial issues 202. It is important to note that these sets of assumptions were not based on. After reading you will understand the background and the practical basics of these leadership styles what is theory x and theory y. Pdf application of mcgregors theory x and theory y. While in high school, mcgregor worked as night clerk at the mcgregor institute, a family affair originally established by his grandfather, but managed by his father and his uncle to provide temporary accommodation for around 100 transient workers at a time. Pdf douglas mcgregors landmark book, the human side of. The purpose of this paper is to trace douglas mcgregors theory y thinking back from pre. With the adoption of theory y practices, managers can create an environment where workers can achieve their highest needs of esteem and self. Theory xy described briefly put, mcgregor 1960 advanced three ideas. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Douglas mcgregor expressed his views of human nature in two sets of assumptions. Mcgregor developed a philosophical view of humankind with his theory x and theory y in 1960.
This article and video will explore mcgregors theory further, and well look at how it. He noted, though, that whether a manager could explicate hisher theory was unimportant, because a managers theory attitudes could be inferred from enacted work behaviors. Pdf on nov 1, 2017, mohammad saiful islam and others published application of mcgregors theory x and theory y. In addition to this, they can help a manager to focus on his.
Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. According to mcgregor, the function of motivating people involves certain assumptions about human nature. Features of mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Difference between douglas mcgregor theory and herzberg s. He first presented his theory in a classic article titled the human side of enterprise.
Many theorists support that mcgregors theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value. It was in 1957 that douglas mcgregor first proposed the concept of theory x and theory. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions. Theory x and theory y management oxford bibliographies. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y douglas mcgregor theory x mcgregor died in 1964, aged 58, but not before making a substantial contribution to the field of management. He noted, though, that whether a manager could explicate hisher theory was unimportant, because a managers theory attitudes could.
Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Douglas mcgregor put forward a theory of motivation. They can only be made to get results at work by the application of. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave character of the manager or worker corresponding to the. While mcgregors theory y model has been widely adopted in management literature as the preferred model, theory.
Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y have both their advantages and disadvantages, though many would prefer to call them their strengths and weaknesses. Difference between douglas mcgregor theory and herzberg s theory. Mcgregor came from a social psychology background and brought his. He referred to these opposing motivational methods as theory x and theory y management. Maslows theory of motivation maslow in his classic paper a theory of human motivation published in 1943 outlined an. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregors xy theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management style and techniques. Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous xy theory in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise.
Copyright 2017, scholarly research journal for interdisciplinary. Therefore most people must be motivated by forcedbribed with the threat of punishment or a reward to produce effort and work towards organizational objectives. Theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia of management theories. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates. In the 1960s douglas mcgregor a social psychologist of mit developed two well known contrasting theories on human motivation and management theory x and theory y.
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